Research Catalog

Title

Administrative law / Paul Craig.

Author

Craig, Paul (Law)

Publication

London : Sweet & Maxwell, 2012.

Items in the Library & Off-site

Details

Description

cxxii, 980 p.; 24 cm.

Summary

Discussing administrative law, this text places it within its historical, social and political framework. Administrative policies and judicial decisions are analyzed and the questions which they raise are explored.

Subject

• Administrative law > Great Britain

Note

• Previous ed.: 2008.

Bibliography (note)

• Includes bibliographical references and index.

Processing Action (note)

• committed to retain

Contents

• Machine generated contents note: pt. 1 Administrative System -- 1. Nature and Purpose of Administrative Law -- Central Issues -- Dicey, Unitary Democracy and the Ultra Vires Principle Basis of the Model -- Unitary democracy -- Unitary democracy, the ultra vires principle and administrative law -- Implications of the Ultra Vires Model -- Ultra vires: form of judicial intervention -- Ultra vires: shape and scope of judicial intervention -- range of protected interests: natural justice and standing -- Type of procedural protection -- Tort, contract and public bodies -- Deficiencies of the Ultra vires Model -- Mistake avoidance and distrust of the administrative state -- Form and scope of intervention: indeterminacy of the ultra vires principle -- Ambit of public law: straining of the ultra vires principle -- Defects in the private rights theme -- Debate about the Ultra vires Principle -- Rights, Legality and Abuse of Power Nature of the Model -- Meaning of a Rights-Based Approach -- Protection of fundamental rights -- Protection of fundamental rights plus principles of good administration -- rights-based view of law and adjudication -- Justifications for a Rights-based Approach -- Courts, legislature and constitutional democracy -- rule of law -- Human Rights Act 1998 -- Critique -- Response -- nature of CLC -- CLC and judicial review: participation -- CLC and judicial review: polycentricity and the focus of judicial review -- CLC and judicial review: the nature of argument in judicial review -- CLC and judicial review: limited relevance of fundamental values -- Legitimacy and judicial review -- Particular Implications of the Model-I: Traditional Pluralism -- Intellectual Foundations -- Pluralist critique of the unitary thesis -- Limited effectiveness of parliamentary controls -- Corporatist challenge -- Implications for Administrative Law -- Accountability and the scope of administrative law -- Gateways to administrative law: natural justice, standing and intervention -- Process rights: fostering participation -- Scope of judicial review -- Remedies and the ambit of administrative law -- Particular Implications of the Model-II: Market-Oriented Pluralism Intellectual Foundations -- Implications for Administrative Law -- Rights, citizenship and society -- Process rights and participation -- Ambit of public law -- Conclusion -- 2. Administrative System: An Historical Perspective Central Issues -- Nineteenth Century -- Industrialisation and the Growth of Central Regulation -- Machinery of Administration The Board system -- Powers of Boards -- Rationale for Administrative Growth -- Local Government -- Evolution of Statutory Inquiries -- Twentieth Century -- Birth of the Welfare State and the Development of the Tribunal System -- Donoughmore, Franks, the 1980 Report and the 1988 Justice Report -- 3. Parliament and the Executive Central Issues -- Foundations of Executive Power -- Expansion of the Franchise and Increase in Governmental Responsibility -- Centralisation of Legislative Initiative -- Development of the Party System -- Role of the Legislature -- Commons and Scrutiny -- Select committees: origins and development -- Select committees: early assessments -- Select committees: reform initiatives -- Select committees: recent developments -- Commons and Legislation -- Rippon Commission -- Select Committee on Modernisation -- Continuity and change -- Reform of the House of Lords -- Conclusion -- 4. Agencies and Non-departmental Public Bodies Central Issues -- Evolution of Executive Agencies and Non-Departmental Public Bodies Fulton, Hiving Off and Agencies -- Rayner, Ibbs and Executive Agencies -- Non-Departmental Public Bodies -- Coalition Government Reform -- Terminology -- Conclusion -- Legal Status and Organisational Framework -- Non-Ministerial Departments -- Executive Agencies -- NDPBs -- Executive Agencies: Staffing, Accountability and Efficiency -- Staffing -- Control and Accountability Control -- Accountability -- Effectiveness -- NDPBs: Appointments, Accountability and Efficiency Appointments -- Control and Accountability -- Control -- Accountability -- Efficiency and Effectiveness -- Agencies: Institutional Design and Legal Principle -- Civil Aviation Authority -- Nationalisation and the Public Corporation -- Privatisation and Regulatory Control -- Constitutional and Legal Framework for Agencies -- 5. Contract and Service Provision Central Issues -- Towards "Better Procurement": The Framing of Government Procurement Policy -- Institutional Responsibility -- Guidelines on Procurement -- Range of Procurement Options -- Contract and Government Contracts -- Towards "Better Government": Contract and Service Provision by Central Government -- Contracting-Out: Initial Conservative Policy -- Contracting-Out: Labour Strategy -- Contracting-Out: Coalition Strategy -- Contracting-Out: Problems and Concerns -- Contracting-Out: Contract Formation and Legal Principle -- Contracting-out: contract creation -- Contracting-out: legal foundations -- Contracting-out: application of public law principles -- Contracting-out: legal responsibility -- Public Private Partnerships and the Private Finance Initiative: Contract and Service Provision by Central Government -- Towards "Best Value": Contract and Service Provision by Local Government Provision of Local Services: The Market and the Conservative Government's Approach -- Competitive procedures -- Exclusion of non-commercial considerations -- Contracting-out and compulsory competitive tendering -- Provision of Local Services: "Best Value" and the Labour Government's Approach -- Provision of Local Services: Beyond "Best Value" and the Coalition Government -- Private Finance Initiative: Contract and Service Provision by Local Government -- Public Procurement and the EU: Contract and Service Provision by Government -- Object of the EU Rules -- Application of the Treaty -- Directives on Public Procurement -- EU Directives -- Application in the UK -- Contract, Service Provision and Governance -- Contract as an Instrument of Policy -- Source and Nature of Executive Power -- Blurring of the Public/Private Divide and the Responsibility for Policy Formation -- Making the Contract: General Principles Capacity to Contract Crown -- Ministers of the Crown -- Statutory bodies -- Authority of an Agent -- Extent of the agent's authority: general -- Breach of warranty of authority -- Parliamentary Appropriation -- Proceedings against the Crown -- Crown Service -- Existence of a contract -- Dismissal of Crown servants -- Arrears of pay -- Statutory protection -- Effect of an Unlawful Contract -- 6. Local Government Central Issues -- Local Authorities: Structure, Organisation, Powers and Finance Structure -- Internal Organisation -- Functions and Powers -- Industrialisation and urbanisation -- Trading and redistribution -- Market forces and local authority services: Conservative policy 1970s-1990s -- Market forces and local authority services: Labour policy 1990s-2000s -- Market forces and local authority services: Coalition policy 2010 -- Finances -- Resources -- Grants and curbs on spending: history -- Grants and curbs on spending: current position -- Local Governance: Agencies and Service Delivery -- Central-Local Relations and Democracy -- 7. Devolution Central Issues -- Scotland -- Background -- Composition of the Scottish Parliament -- Formal Operation of the Scottish Parliament -- Powers of the Scottish Parliament: Legislative Powers Devolution strategies -- Legislative powers: ss.28 and 29(1) -- Limits to legislative power: s.29(2) -- Limits to legislative power: s.29(2)(b) and Sch.5 -- Limits to legislative power: legal challenges and judicial approach -- Powers of the Scottish Parliament: Executive Powers -- Powers of the Scottish Parliament: Subordinate Legislation -- Subordinate legislation and earlier enactments: the scope of the power -- Subordinate legislation made under the Scotland Act: the scope of the power -- Subordinate legislation made under the Scotland Act: who has the power -- Subordinate legislation made in pursuance of the Scotland Act: the procedure -- Powers of the Scottish Parliament: Money -- Political Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament -- Judicial Challenge to the Competence of the Scottish Parliament -- Resolution of devolution issues: direct reference to the Supreme Court -- Resolution of devolution issues: institution of proceedings by a law officer -- Resolution of devolution issues: reference to other courts -- Resolution of devolution issues: decision made by the court immediately seized of the matter -- Devolution issues which "arise": relevance of the general law on collateral challenge -- Result of finding that the Scottish Parliament acted outside its competence -- Scottish Devolution: Some Reflections -- Political considerations -- Legal considerations -- Intergovernmental considerations -- Economic considerations -- Wales -- Background -- Assembly -- Composition -- Operation -- Executive -- Composition -- Functions -- Powers -- Assembly measures -- Assembly Acts -- Subordinate legislation -- Assembly and other bodies -- Judicial Challenge -- Direct reference to the Supreme Court -- Institution of proceedings by a law officer -- Reference through other courts -- Decisions made by the court immediately seized of the matter -- relevance of the general law on collateral challenge -- effect of a finding that the Assembly or Welsh government lacked power
• Note continued: Welsh Devolution: Some Reflections -- 8. Information, Standards and Complaints Central Issues -- Freedom of Information: Rationale and Background Rationale for Freedom of Information -- Freedom of Information Legislation in the UK -- Freedom of Information Act 2000 -- FOI Act 2000: The Basic Right -- FOI Act 2000: Public Authorities -- FOI Act 2000: Publication Schemes -- FOI Act 2000: Exempt Information -- FOI Act 2000: Administration -- Standards of Conduct in Public Life Cash, Sleaze and Concerns: The Development of the Administrative Machinery -- Committee on Standards -- Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Select Committee on Standards and Privileges -- Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority -- Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration General -- Who can be Investigated -- What can be Investigated -- Administrative, legislative and judicial functions -- Administrative functions and maladministration -- Administrative functions, maladministration and principles of good administration -- Administrative functions, maladministration and the merits -- Maladministration and political response -- Matters Excluded from the PCA's Jurisdiction Section 5(2): PCA and courts -- Section 5(3) and Sch.3: excluded matters -- Matters within the remit of devolved jurisdictions -- Complainant and Procedure -- Who can complain -- MP filter -- Investigation -- Remedies -- Remedial awards and compliance -- Remedial principles -- Workload -- Select Committee on the PCA -- Judicial Review and the PCA -- Role of the PCA -- PCA and remedying of individual grievances -- PCA, enhanced remedial power, and Small Claims Administrative Court -- PCA, remedying of individual grievances and improved administration -- Health -- Local Commissioners Scope of Authority -- Commissioners, Internal Complaints Procedures and General Advice to Local Authorities -- Ombudsman: Looking to the Future -- 9. Tribunals and Inquiries Central Issues -- Tribunals: Rationale and Nature Reasons for their Creation -- Nature of Tribunals -- Tribunal Reform: Franks and Leggatt The Franks Report -- Committee's remit -- Recommendations -- Implementation -- Leggatt Report -- Tribunals Service -- tribunals system -- Operation of the tribunals system -- Tribunals: Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 -- Senior President of Tribunals -- First-Tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal -- Transfer of Functions to First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal -- First-Tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal: Self-Review, Appeal and Judicial Review -- Self-review -- Appeal of First-tier Tribunal decisions to the Upper Tribunal -- Appeal of Upper Tribunal decisions to the Court of Appeal -- Appeal and the meaning of "law" -- Judicial review by the Upper Tribunal -- Judicial review of First-tier Tribunal -- Judicial review of Upper Tribunal -- Tribunal Procedure Rules -- position prior to the TCE Act -- position under the TCE Act -- Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution -- Courts and Tribunals Service, Administrative Support and Staffing -- Oversight: The Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council -- Council on Tribunals -- Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council -- Statutory Inquiries -- Background -- Franks Committee -- recommendations -- Implementation -- Inquiries: Practice and Procedure -- Procedure before the Inquiry -- Procedure at the inquiry -- Procedure after the inquiry: inspectors' reports -- Procedure after the inquiry: extrinsic evidence -- Procedure after the inquiry: reasons -- Inquiry rules of procedure: an example -- Limitations: discretionary inquiries -- Related types of decision-making: decisions by appointed persons and written representations -- Related types of decision-making: Planning Inquiry Commissions -- Inquiries Act 2005 -- position pre-2005 -- Inquiries Act 2005 -- Supervision -- Planning Inquiries, the Government and the Public -- 10. European Union -- Central Issues -- Institutions -- Council -- Commission -- European Parliament -- European Council -- European Court of Justice -- Legal Order: Supremacy and Direct Effect -- Supremacy -- Direct Effect -- limits of public enforcement -- Direct effect and empowerment of the individual -- Van Gend en Loos -- Expansion of direct effect: Treaty articles -- Expansion of direct effect: regulations -- Expansion of direct effect: Directives -- Directives: horizontal and vertical direct effect -- Directives: the scope of vertical direct effect -- Directives: indirect effect -- Directives: "incidental" horizontal direct effect -- Direct Effect: Rights and Remedies -- Impact of EU Law -- 11. Case Study: Competition and Regulation Central Issues -- Competition: Whether to Regulate -- Competition: Who Should Regulate -- Competition: How to Regulate -- Effectiveness and the Choice of the Legislative Criterion -- Procedure and Procedural Rights -- Defining the Public Interest: Rule-making and Discretion -- Defining the Public Interest: Politics, Policy and Justiciability -- Enforcement -- Accountability and Control -- Importance of Competition Policy -- Utilities and Market Power: Whether to Regulate -- Public Interest Rationale for Regulation -- Private Interest Rationale for Regulation -- Natural Monopoly: Regulation or Structural Adjustment -- Whether to Regulate: The Government's Approach to Regulation -- Utilities Regulation: Political, Economic and Social Considerations -- Utilities Regulation: The Broader Context -- Utilities and Market Power: Who Should Regulate -- Common Law and the Courts -- Departmental Regulation -- Regulation by Tribunal or Board -- Public Ownership -- Privatisation and Agencies -- Utilities and Market Power: How to Regulate -- Selling State Assets: Constitutional Implications -- Regulatory Regime: Legal Powers and Legal Constraints, the Initial Regime for Gas -- Regulatory Regime: Legal Powers and Legal Constraints, the Modified Regime for Gas -- Regulatory Regime: Institutional Design -- Regulatory Regime: The Limits of Public Law -- Regulatory Regime: The Citizen's Charter and Subsequent Legislation -- Conclusion -- pt. 2 Judicial Review -- 12. Natural Justice: Hearings -- Central Issues -- Rationale for Procedural Rights -- Limitation of the Principle -- Administrative v Judicial -- Rights and Remedies -- Rights v Privileges -- Statutory Hearings and Inquiries -- Principle Revived -- Ridge v Baldwin -- Natural Justice and Fairness -- Natural Justice, Fairness and Types of Process Right -- Applicability of Procedural Protection -- Categorisation: Administrative v Judicial v Legislative -- Rights, Interests and Legitimate Expectations -- Rights -- Interests -- Legitimate expectation -- Article 6(1) ECHR: "Civil Rights and Obligations" -- Content of Procedural Protection: Balancing -- Balancing: Factors -- Balancing: Limits -- Balancing: Causation -- Balancing: Execution -- Content of Procedural Protection: Specific Procedural Norms -- Notice -- Consultation -- Hearing -- type of hearing -- Rules of evidence -- Representation -- Reasons -- importance of reasons -- Reasons and statute: general -- Reasons and statute: HRA and the ECHR -- Reasons and the common law: indirect techniques for securing reasons -- Reasons and the common law: direct link with procedural fairness -- Reasons, statute and common law: "late evidence of reasons" -- Reasons and EU law -- Appeals and Rehearing -- Deciding Without Hearing -- ECHR and the Content of Procedural Rights -- Fairness: Non-Adjudicative Procedures -- Relationship between Decision-making and Procedure -- Example 1 Statutory Inquiries -- Example 2 Social Welfare -- Conclusion -- 13. Natural Justice: Hearings, Public Interest Immunity and Closed Material Procedure -- Central Issues -- Public Interest Immunity -- "Crown Privilege" -- From Crown Privilege to Public Interest Immunity -- Public Interest Immunity: The Type of Body that can claim Immunity -- Public Interest Immunity and Confidentiality -- Public Interest Immunity: Duty or Discretion -- Public Interest Immunity: Duty, Discretion and the ECHR -- Public Interest Immunity: Disclosure and Public Interest Immunity -- Public Interest Immunity: The Balancing Process -- Public Interest Immunity: The Change in Governmental Approach -- new approach -- Evaluation -- Closed Material Procedures -- Closed Material Procedures: Nature -- Closed Material Procedures: Compatibility with Natural Justice -- Closed Material Procedures: Limits of AF -- Closed Material Procedures: The Need for Statutory Foundation -- Government Proposals -- Key Features -- Reflections on the Proposals -- premise to the reforms -- CMP and PII -- Control over triggering CMPs -- CMPs and special advocates -- Conclusion -- 14. Natural Justice: Bias and Independence -- Central Issues -- Bias: Personal Interest -- Pecuniary Interest -- Other Personal Interests -- Bias: Institutional -- Prosecutor and Judge -- Institutional Opinion -- Bias: The Test for Bias -- Past Confusion -- From Gough to Porter -- Porter test -- bodies subject to the Porter test -- Bias: Exceptions -- Necessity -- Statute -- Waiver -- HRA and the ECHR -- Article 6(1): The ECHR. Legal Requirements -- Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts: Fairness and Waiver -- Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts: Planning and the Distinction between Policy and Fact-Finding -- role and position of the minister -- sufficiency of the controls via judicial review -- Policy and fact finding after Alconbury
• Note continued: Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts: Housing and the Re-evaluation of the Policy/Fact-Finding Distinction -- Article 6(1) in Domestic Courts: Developments since Begum -- Common Law Requirement of "An Independent and Impartial Tribunal" -- 15. Rule-Making -- Central Issues -- Delegated Legislation: History, Rationale and Form History -- Rationale and Constitutional Concerns -- Form -- Delegated Legislation: Passage and Publication -- Statutory Instruments Act 1946 -- Publication and Making -- Publication and Making: Exceptions -- Delegated Legislation: Control by Parliament Scrutiny by the House -- Scrutiny in Committee: Delegated Legislation Committees -- Scrutiny in Committee: The Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments -- Scrutiny in Committee: The House of Lords Merits of Statutory Instruments Committee -- Scrutiny of Regulatory Reform: A Special Regime -- Scrutiny of European Legislation -- Delegated Legislation: Consultation -- Consultation Rights and Statute -- Consultation Rights and the Common Law -- Consultation Rights and Future Prospects -- benefits of consultation rights -- Issues to be addressed -- Consultation and the Code of Practice -- Conclusion -- Delegated Legislation: Judicial Review -- Procedural Ultra Vires and Formal Invalidity -- Substantive Ultra Vires -- Infringement of the primary Act -- Breach of constitutional principle -- Purpose, relevancy and reasonableness -- Delegation -- Remedies -- Delegated Legislation: Possible Reforms -- Rippon Commission -- Publication and access to the law -- subject-matter scrutinised by Parliament -- Debates on statutory instruments -- Committee Scrutiny -- Consultation -- Select Committee on Procedure -- House of Lords' Merits of Statutory Instruments Committee -- Rules Made by the Administration -- Type and Rationale -- Legal Status -- Rules made by the Administration: Problems -- Rules made by the Administration: Possible Solutions -- Direct control by Parliament -- Legislative specification of standards -- Consultation -- Judicial control -- Conclusion -- Impact of EU Law -- 16. Error of Law -- Central Issues -- Theories of Jurisdiction -- Introduction -- Collateral Fact Doctrine -- core thesis: preliminary questions and merits -- Difficulties: ambit of the preliminary question -- Limited Review -- core thesis: relative rather than absolute facts -- Difficulties: distinction between scope and truth -- Extensive Review: The Academic Argument -- core thesis: preliminary questions and substance -- Difficulties: the rationale for the underlying assumption -- Extensive Review: The Judicial Argument -- core thesis: review for error of law -- Difficulties: assumptions and consequences -- Distinction between law and fact -- Conclusion -- Case Law History -- Limited Intervention -- Collateral or Preliminary Fact Cases -- Attempts at Reconciliation -- Current Case Law -- Impact of Anisminic -- From Anisminic to Racal -- Uncertainty of Racal -- Impact of Page -- Impact of South Yorkshire Transport -- Impact of Cart -- Summary -- Error of Law within Jurisdiction -- Statutory Review -- Test for Review: Policy Considerations -- Clearing the Deck: The Demise of the Collateral Fact Doctrine and Limited Review -- Judicial Control and Agency Autonomy: Remembering the Past when Constructing the Future -- Modem Law: Review for Errors of Law -- Middle Way: Rightness and Rational Basis -- Middle Way: The Pragmatic and Functional Approach -- Middle Way: Concerns -- Constitutional principle -- Certainty -- Conclusion -- 17. Error of Fact -- Central Issues -- Mistake of Fact: Meaning -- Scope of Review: The Prior Law -- Rationale for Uncertainty -- Narrow View -- Broadview -- Scope of Review: E v Secretary of State for the Home Department -- Facts -- Judicial Review, Appeal and Fact -- Test for Review of Error of Fact -- Test for Admission of Evidence to Prove a Mistake of Fact -- Scope of Review: Croydon Case -- Test for Mistake of Fact: Foundations -- Looking Back: Difficulties with the Pre-Existing Narrow View -- Looking Forward: The Conceptual Foundation for Judicial Intervention -- Test for Mistake of Fact: The Criteria in the E Case -- Mistake as to Existing Fact including Mistake as to Availability of Evidence -- Fact or Evidence must be Uncontentious and Objectively Verifiable -- Contentious and complex -- Contentious and reliable -- Responsibility for the Mistake -- Mistake should have Played a Material Part in the Tribunal's Reasoning -- Admissibility of Fresh Evidence -- Determination of Factual Error: Role of the Reviewing Court -- Standard of Proof Required in Relation to Facts -- Reviewing Court Should Not Generally Engage in De Novo Review of Facts -- Reviewing Court's Options when Engaged in Factual Scrutiny: Sufficiency of Evidence or Rationality -- Reviewing Court's Role in Relation to Factual Error only Apparent in the Light of Fresh Evidence -- Conclusion -- 18. Failure to Exercise Discretion -- Central Issues -- Delegation -- General Principles -- Agency and Delegation -- creation of agency and delegation -- Delegation and retention of authority by the delegator -- Government Departments -- General principles -- application of Carltona to other public bodies -- Government departments and executive agencies -- Government departments and contracting-out -- Statutory Power -- Fettering of Discretion: Rules, Policies and Discretion -- Existing Rule or Policy: The Present Law -- General principles -- weight to be given to the policy/rule -- Control over the substance of the policy -- Rules and process rights: individual seeks non-application of the policy -- Rules and process rights: individual seeks application of the policy -- No Existing Rule or "Insufficient" Rules -- debate over rules v discretion -- Organisations, the decision-making process, rules and discretion -- Conclusion -- Fettering of Discretion: Contracts and the Exercise of Discretion -- Problem -- Incompatibility Test -- origins of the incompatibility test -- Development of the test -- determination of incompatibility: reasonable foresight -- determination of incompatibility: contract and property rights -- determination of incompatibility: "valid exercises of statutory power" -- Compensation -- Damages for breach of contract -- Frustration -- specialised remedy -- specialised remedy: standard form contracts -- Position of the Crown -- 19. Abuse of Discretion -- Central Issues -- Reasonableness: The Two Meanings -- Types of Power that can be Controlled -- Statutory Power -- Prerogative Power -- Common Law Discretionary Power -- Non-statutory Bodies -- Intensity of Review -- Illegality: Common Law Constraints -- Improper Purposes -- Relevancy -- Bad Faith -- Human Rights: The Common Law Background -- Common Law Jurisprudence -- Heightened rationality review and alignment of common law and ECHR -- principle of legality and the interpretation of legislation -- Secondary Literature -- 20. Human Rights Act -- Central Issues -- Human Rights Act 1998 -- Status of the ECHR prior to the HRA -- "Bringing Rights Home" -- ECHR Case Law -- Legislation: The Interpretative Obligation and the Declaration of Incompatibility -- Statutory Provisions -- Legislative History -- Judicial Interpretation of s.3: Early Case Law -- Judicial Interpretation of s.3: Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza -- Judicial Interpretation of s.3: The Post-Ghaidan Case Law -- Reflections on the Courts' Jurisprudence -- Acts of Public Authorities: A New Head of Illegality -- Section 6(1) HRA -- Section 6(2) HRA -- example: Wilkinson -- relationship between s.6(2)(a) and (b): Hooper -- relationship between s.6(2)(a) and (b): conclusions -- Acts of Public Authorities: The Scope of s.6 -- Two types of public authority -- test for core public authorities -- test for hybrid public authorities -- application of the test for hybrid public authorities -- application of the test for hybrid public authorities: contracting out -- application of the test for hybrid public authorities and contracting out: an assessment -- Acts of Public Authorities: The Horizontal Effect of the Human Rights Act -- Vertical and horizontal impact: general theory -- Vertical and horizontal impact: the HRA -- Proceedings and Standing under s.6 -- Remedies for Breach of s.6 -- Standard of Review -- ECHR Precepts -- Domestic Concept of Deference/Discretionary Area of Judgment/Respect/Weight -- ECHR margin of appreciation has not been adopted -- domestic concept of deference/discretionary area of judgment/respect -- Terminology -- Factors taken into account by the courts -- Proportionality under the HRA: Daly -- Proportionality under the HRA: The Role of the Court and the Initial Decision-Maker -- court makes the final determination concerning proportionality -- weight accorded to the view of the initial decision-maker: prior categorisation -- weight to be accorded to the view of the initial decision-maker: the HRA -- Conclusion -- Standard of Review: The Academic Debate -- Constitutional and institutional competence -- Democratic dialogue -- critique of deference -- Rights: The EU Dimension -- Legislative Competence and Human Rights -- Rights and Direct Effect -- Fundamental Rights -- EU Charter of Rights -- ECHR, HRA and European Union -- 21. Rationality and Proportionality -- Central Issues -- Two Central Foundations -- Limits of Substantive Intervention -- Inter-relation between Procedure and Substance
• Note continued: Wednesbury Unreasonableness: Past, Present, and Future Wednesbury Unreasonableness: "The Touchstone of Legitimate Judicial Intervention" -- Wednesbury Unreasonableness: The Present Law -- application of Wednesbury in cases not concerned with rights -- application of Wednesbury in cases concerned with rights -- non-application of Wednesbury in legitimate expectation cases: rationality and abuse of power -- Wednesbury Unreasonableness: The Future of the Test -- Proportionality in UK Law: Status, Meaning and Application -- Legal Status of Proportionality -- Proportionality in domestic law: Brind -- Proportionality in domestic law: direct or indirect recognition -- Proportionality in domestic law: the Human Rights Act 1998 -- Proportionality: cases with an EU law component -- Proportionality: Place and Meaning -- Proportionality: Application -- Proportionality and rights -- Proportionality and penalties -- Proportionality and administrative discretion -- Proportionality, the Role of the Court and the Standard of Review -- Proportionality: The EU Dimension -- Proportionality and Rights -- Proportionality and Penalties -- Proportionality and Discretion -- Reasonableness, Proportionality and Review -- Retention of Traditional Wednesbury alongside Proportionality -- Practical objection -- Normative objection -- Retention of Modified Wednesbury alongside Proportionality -- Proportionality as the General Criterion of Review: Arguments in Favour -- Simplicity -- Structured inquiry -- Reasoned inquiry -- Intensity of review -- Proportionality as the General Criterion of Review: Arguments Against -- Intrusive -- Inappropriate -- Legal certainty -- Cost -- 22. Legitimate Expectations -- Central Issues -- Nature of the Problem -- Actual and Apparent Retroactivity -- Legal Certainty, Legitimate Expectations and Legality -- Intra Vires Representations: Types of Case -- Intra Vires Representations and Substantive Legitimate Expectations: The Contending Arguments Arguments in Favour -- Fairness in Public Administration -- Reliance and trust in government -- Equality -- Rule of law -- Arguments Against -- Intra Vires Representations and Legitimate Expectations: Coughlan -- Prior to Coughlan -- Coughlan -- Intra Vires Representations: The Determination of whether the Expectation is Reasonable and Legitimate -- Intra Vires Representations: The Standard of Review Applied when the Administration Seeks to Defeat a Legitimate Expectation Coughlan -- court's reasoning -- Assessment -- Nadarajah -- court's reasoning -- Assessment -- Bibi -- court's reasoning -- Assessment -- Intra Vires Representations and Legitimate Expectations: Types of Case -- Changes of Policy -- Departure from an Existing Policy -- Individualised Representations -- Decisions, Final Determinations and Estoppel by Record -- Final determinations -- Estoppel by record -- Ultra Vires Representations and Legitimate Expectations: The Current Law -- Jurisdictional Principle: The Relationship of Ultra Vires, Agency and Delegation -- Jurisdictional Principle: Application -- Jurisdictional Principle: The Conceptual Language, Estoppel or Legitimate Expectations -- Jurisdictional Principle: Qualifications -- Procedural irregularity -- Delegation and finality of decision -- European Convention on Human Rights -- Ultra Vires Representations: Re-Assessing the Jurisdictional Principle -- Policy behind the Jurisdictional Principle: The First Rationale -- Policy behind the Jurisdictional Principle: The Second and Third Rationales -- Ultra Vires Representations: Three Possible Strategies Limited Qualifications to the Jurisdictional Principle -- Government-proprietary distinction -- Internal dealing -- Balancing the Public and Individual Interest -- Balancing legality and legal certainty: nature of the argument -- Balancing legality and legal certainty: case law and statute -- Balancing legality and legal certainty: objections -- Compensation -- 23. Equality -- Central Issues -- Common Law -- Principle of Treating Like Groups Alike -- basic precept -- case law -- Statutory Intervention and Statutory Interpretation -- General -- Public Sector Equality Duties -- HRA -- Article 14 and Protocol 12 ECHR -- Determination of Discrimination -- Michalak -- Carson -- Strict Scrutiny and Rationality Review -- Strict scrutiny and rationality review -- Strict scrutiny and rationality review: application -- Gender and Positive Discrimination -- EU Law -- Discrimination and Nationality -- Discrimination and Gender -- Discrimination and Article 19 TFEU -- Discrimination and Common Policies -- Discrimination and the Charter of Rights -- pt. 3 Remedies -- 24. Invalidity -- Central Issues -- Types of Challenge -- Direct and Collateral Attack: Classification -- Relationship between Direct and Collateral Attack: The General Principle -- Relationship between Direct and Collateral Attack: Qualifications to the General Principle -- particular statute -- Court orders -- general law on remedies -- Positive and negative decisions -- De facto judges and officers -- Void and Voidable: Correct and Incorrect Uses -- Void: A Relative not Absolute Concept -- Decision as to whether an Error Renders the Administrative Act Void -- Consequences of Holding that an Act is Void -- Voidable: Different Uses -- Indicative of the need to challenge -- alternative to locus standi -- gravity of the error -- Errors of law within jurisdiction -- Void and Voidable: Theory, Reality and Judicial Discretion -- Administrative Convenience, Justice and Rigidity -- Resolving the Problem -- First principles -- preferable approach: remedial discretion -- relevance of compensation -- relevance of parliamentary redress -- Void and Voidable: Natural Justice -- Hearings -- Bias -- Waiver -- Problems of Proof -- Burden of Proof -- Validity Pending Determination -- Partial Invalidity -- 25. Remedies: Standing -- Central Issues -- Law before 1978 -- Certiorari -- Prohibition -- Mandamus -- Injunction and Declaration -- Attorney General, Public Authorities and Statutory Appeals -- Attorney General -- Public Authorities -- Statutory Appeals -- Standing in Judicial Review Actions -- Introduction -- IRC Case -- Distinguishing Gouriet -- Sufficiency of interest: a uniform test -- determination of sufficiency of interest: fusion of standing and merits -- Summary -- Interpretation of the Test -- Individual challenges: a liberal approach, but no real fusion -- Individual challenges: a more restrictive approach, and use of the fusion technique -- Group challenges: associational, surrogate and public interest -- Public interest challenges by a group or an individual -- Group challenges and unincorporated associations -- Standing, fusion and the judicial role -- Locus Standi under the Human Rights Act 1998 -- Locus Standi Outside s.31 -- Intervention in Judicial Review Actions -- Function of Standing -- Vindication of Private Rights -- Fusion of Standing and Merits -- Citizen Action -- arguments for such an action -- Practical objections -- Conceptual objections: the need for a person -- Conceptual objections: inconsistent with the traditional judicial role -- limits to the citizen action: the relativity of ultra vires -- Injury in Fact -- Standing and Intervention: Looking to the Future Standing -- Standing: Individuals and Groups -- Intervention -- 26. Judicial Remedies -- Central Issues -- Certiorari/Quashing Order and Prohibition/Prohibiting Order -- Introduction -- Scope of Certiorari/Quashing Orders and Prohibition/Prohibiting Orders -- Persons and type of authority -- determination of rights -- Duty to act judicially -- Certiorari and subordinate legislation -- Grounds for the Award of Certiorari and Prohibition -- Limitations on the Grant of the Remedies -- Effect of an Award of Certiorari/Quashing Order -- Mandamus/Mandatory Order -- Introduction -- Ambit of Mandamus/Mandatory Order -- Type of Duty -- Type of defect -- Demand and refusal -- Limits on the Availability of Mandamus/Mandatory Order -- Declaration -- Introduction -- Scope of Declaration -- broad reach of the declaration -- Types of defect -- Limits on the Availability of Declaration -- Exclusion of original jurisdiction -- Exclusion of supervisory jurisdiction -- Hypothetical questions: ripeness and mootness -- Justiciability -- Impact of the Declaration -- Practice and Procedure -- Injunction -- Introduction -- Types of Injunction -- Scope of Injunctive Relief -- Injunctions: general -- Injunctions and Parliament -- Injunctions and public offices -- Limits to Injunctive Relief -- Practice and Procedure -- Other Remedies -- Habeas Corpus -- Default Powers -- 27. Remedies and Reform -- Central Issues -- Claim for Judicial Review -- Ordinary Courts: The Legal Foundations of the Existing Procedure -- Upper Tribunal: Legal Foundations for New Judicial Review Power -- Application/Claim for Judicial Review -- O'Reilly v Mackman -- Exceptions: "Getting Out" of the Judicial Review Procedure The Reasons for Seeking to Proceed outside s.31 -- Collateral Attack and Private Rights: The Initial Approach -- Collateral Attack and Private Rights: Broadening the Exception -- Collateral Attack: Beyond Private Rights -- Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 -- Impact of the CPR -- Summary -- Assessment -- Public Law Cases: "Getting Into" the Judicial Review Procedure -- Reasons for wishing to Use the s.31 Procedure -- Public Law: Possible Tests -- Source of the power
• Note continued: Scope of the prerogative remedies -- "Nature" of the power -- Boundaries of Public Law -- Public bodies and executive agencies -- Public authorities and contracting-out -- Public authorities and contracting power: the need for a "public law element" -- Regulatory bodies: the "privatisation of the business of government" -- Regulatory bodies: contract, power and control -- Employment relationships: the straining of the public/private divide -- Activities within Parliament's proper sphere -- Activities which are "inherently private" -- impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 -- Future prospects -- Evaluation of the Present Law -- Unavoidable Issue: Which Bodies are Amenable to Review -- Central Issue: Do Public Bodies Require Special Protection -- Protecting Public Bodies: Permission -- Permission: rationale -- Permission: the impact of the CPR -- Permission: empirical evidence -- Permission: conclusion -- Protecting Public Bodies: Time Limits -- Time limits: current rules -- Time limits: justification -- Exclusivity Principle -- Disclosure and Inspection -- Conclusion -- Procedure -- Permission -- Substantive Hearing -- Discretion to Refuse Relief -- Effect of Alternative Remedies -- Choice of Remedies under CPR 54 -- Alternative Statutory Remedies -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- 28. Remedies: Exclusion of Review -- Central Issues -- Complete Exclusion -- Finality Clauses -- "No Certiorari" Clauses -- "Shall not be Questioned" Clauses -- "As if Enacted" and "Conclusive Evidence" -- Statutory Intervention -- Time Limits -- Effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 -- Conclusion -- Complete Ouster Clauses -- Time Limits -- 29. Crown Liability -- Central Issues -- Statutes and the Crown -- Statutes Binding the Crown -- Statutes Benefiting the Crown -- Procedure, Remedies and the Crown -- General -- Injunctions and Interim Relief -- Extending injunctive relief -- Interim declarations -- Contempt -- Tort Liability and the Crown -- Law Prior to 1947 -- Crown Proceedings Act 1947 -- 30. Tort and Restitution -- Central Issues -- Negligence, Statutory Duties and Statutory Powers -- "Liberal Approach" -- "Cautious" or "Restrictive Approach" -- Incrementalism and restriction of the duty of care -- Discretion and restriction of the duty of care -- Omissions and restriction of the duty of care -- "Middle Way" -- Greater unwillingness to exclude the duty of care in its entirety -- Greater willingness to consider issues at the level of breach rather than duty -- Instances where the courts deny the existence of the duty of care -- Misfeasance and nonfeasance -- impact of the ECHR -- Breach of Statutory Duty -- Criteria for Liability -- Application of the Criteria -- Comment -- Human Rights Act -- Criteria for Liability --

ISBN

• 9780414022997 (pbk.)
• 0414022998 (pbk.)

OCLC

• 793688630
• SCSB-9973176

Owning Institutions

Harvard Library