Sheroes in the Schomburg Center’s Collections

A dynamic librarian who established a research library. A brilliant behind-the-scenes organizer who harnessed the energy and enthusiasm of young people into vital participants in the civil rights movement—plus, she assisted some of the movement’s most famous men. A visionary sculptor who educated a generation of groundbreaking artists. 

These are some of the history-making and magnificent women in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture’s collections. The 31 days of March, Women’s History Month, are a terrific time to explore the Center’s materials to learn more about fearless women who left powerful legacies and changed the world.

Ella Baker (1903-1986), who preferred to work behind the scenes, had an exceptional gift for inspiring people to take an active role in their liberation. Those skills propelled her into leadership roles and made her a go-to person for organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the New York Urban League, and the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC). Activists such as A. Philip Randolph and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sought her input. 

Baker also inspired and encouraged the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), an organization made up of college-age students who participated in the civil rights movement. They first formed in 1960 following a Youth Leadership Meeting she co-organized at Shaw University in North Carolina. SNCC led sit-ins at lunch counters across the South advocating for desegregation, participated in the Freedom Rides of 1961, and joined voter registration efforts.

Baker had a significant connection to Harlem and the Center. She taught adult education classes and developed consumer education and literacy programs for young mothers in 1934 at the 135th Street branch of The New York Public Library. Today, the building is part of the Schomburg Center complex. 

Ella Baker’s legacy? Members of SNCC included Stokely Carmichael (1941-1998)—later known as Kwame Ture—, future U.S. Congressman John Lewis (1940-2020), and future NAACP Chairman Julian Bond (1940-2015).

Additionally, Baker inspired a future president. Joseph Biden’s 2020 acceptance speech as the Democratic Party’s nominee for President of the United States quoted her. “Give people light,” he said, repeating her famous words. “They will find a way.”

The Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division (MARB) holds the Ella Baker Papers, which offer a look into her life of activism.

The Moving Image and Recorded Sound Division (MIRS) has the documentary Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker. Produced by Joanne Grant, the film discusses her work with the SCLC and SNCC.

The Photographs and Prints Division has images of her in their collection.

The Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division holds biographies in their collections about Baker such as 2003’s Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement by Barbara Ransby and 2020’s Lift As You Climb: The Story of Ella Baker by Patricia Hruby Powell and R. Gregory Christie.  

Before 1972, the Schomburg Center was part of The New York Public Library’s branch at 135th Street in Harlem and was known as the Division of Negro History, Literature and Prints. Curator and librarian Jean Blackwell Hutson (1914-1998) led the Division starting in 1948.

Her work included processing materials such as National Negro Congress and the Negro Writers Project. Hutson promoted the collections to local groups letting them know about the Library’s content. Hutson’s friends included writers and activists such as Langston Hughes, whose poems and plays would become part of the Center’s collection many years later. 

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s brought renewed interest in artworks, literature, audio materials, and written histories created by and about Black people. The branch’s understaffing and high usage of its materials left the library with many of its objects damaged. There was also a backlog of items that remained unprocessed.

“Many of its aged and irreplaceable documents and memorabilia are in an advanced state of deterioration because the library has no air-conditioner to protect them against New York’s acid air,” stated a 1967 article in Ebony magazine, which called the materials “a scholar’s gold mine.” The building was also not fireproofed.

To preserve the collections, quickly process new items, increase staff, and expand storage space, Hutson championed the branch becoming a research library—where materials could not be checked out—and housed in its own building.

Hutson lobbied NYPL’s leadership to change the division’s status, took part in lobbying efforts to the New York State Legislature for funding to construct a new building at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard (then known as Lenox Avenue), gained the Harlem community’s support, and helped to establish the Schomburg Center Corporation to raise additional money.

She also served as a member of the New York State Committee for the Selection of a Permanent Site for the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Hutson’s collection in MARB has a copy of the report.

A new five-story building opened in 1981. It included five divisions of research and spaces to hold exhibitions.

Jean Blackwell Hutson’s legacy? “She is the reason we are the Schomburg Center,” said current Schomburg Center Director Joy L. Bivins. “Her footprints are all over this institution. This does not exist without her.”

Hutson served as the Center’s Chief Librarian when the Schomburg Collection transferred from The Branch Libraries to The Research Libraries effective on May 1, 1972. MARB has a copy of the memorandums in its archives.

Hutson spoke about her life as part of the Oral History Project (ID #269396) and sat with journalist Gil Noble for a conversation on his television program Like It Is. Huston also excelled at capturing history. She interviewed Black history legends such as composer Leonard de Paur (1914-1998), character actress Rosetta LeNoire (1911-2002), painter Bruce Nugent (1906-1987), and many more as part of the Center's Oral History Project in the 1980s. MIRS holds all of these conversations. 

The Photographs and Prints Division has images of her in their collection.

In 2007, the Schomburg Center named its research and reference division in her honor.

Sculptor and activist Augusta Savage (1892-1962) is perhaps best known for the 16-foot plaster sculpture The Harp. The poem and later song, Lift Every Voice and Sing, by James Weldon Johnson and his brother John Rosamond Johnson inspired it. Organizers of the 1939’s World’s Fair asked for her design to symbolize the musical contributions of African Americans.

The decade of the 1930s brought great success to Savage. She managed an art program at NYPL’s 135th Street Branch and was later appointed as the first director of the Harlem Community Art Center. Her leadership and management of the program caught the attention of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who used it as the model for the Federal Arts Project, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt created as part of the New Deal. In 1939, Savage opened the first Black-owned art gallery.

Augusta Savage’s legacy? Her art students included painter Jacob Lawrence (“The Migration Series”) and sculptor Selma Burke (FDR’s portrait on the dime). Her gallery represented painters such as Beauford Delaney (“Can Fire in the Park”) and Lois Mailou Jones (“Les Fetiches”). All went on to create groundbreaking works, which cemented their names as some of the nation’s most critically acclaimed artists.

“I have created nothing really beautiful, really lasting, but if I can inspire one of these youngsters to develop the talent I know they possess, then my monument will be their work,” said Savage in a 1935 interview with T.R. Poston for Metropolitan Magazine.

The Art and Artifacts Divisions has 20 of her sculptures in their collections. Pieces include Gamin, The Pugilist, and Bas Relief of Female Dancer. The Center, which also holds a souvenir copy of The Harp plus one of her drawings and a painting, has the largest collection of her work of any public institution. 

The Augusta Savage Papers in MARB contain press clippings about her sculpting career, manuscripts from her retirement period, and some posthumous correspondence.

The Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division has several books about Augusta Savage, including Augusta Savage: The Shape of a Sculptor's Life (2022) by Marilyn Nelson. Tammi Lawson, curator of the Center’s Art and Artifacts Division, wrote the afterword. The text is also available as an audiobook.

MIRS holds a video recording of the program Augusta Savage and the Harlem Arts School in their collections.

Critically acclaimed poet Gwendolyn Bennett, revolutionary filmmaker Kathleen Collins, award-winning playwright Lorraine Hansberry, beloved writer Zora Neale Hurston, and renowned journalist Michele Wallace are some of the extraordinary women highlighted in the online research guide, Black Feminism Introductory Research.

Can’t make it to the Schomburg Center to explore materials in person? View MARB’s digital collection Women of Distinction: Remarkable in Works and Invincible in Character, which is based on the 1893 book of the same name by Lawson A. Scruggs (1857-1914), A.D, M.D. 

During an era where women could not vote and society held deeply sexist views of females, the women featured were unstoppable forces in the fight for education, equality, freedom, justice, and voting rights. The book is part of the original collection of The New York Public Library purchased from the Center’s founder Arturo Schomburg in 1926. A digital copy of the book, similar to the one Mr. Schomburg owned, is available to read online. 

The Women of Distinction digital collection includes illustrations of well-known names such as poet Phillis Wheatley (c. 1853-1874) and journalist Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) plus less well-known names such as educator Joan Imogen Howard (1848-1937), elocutionist Ednorah Nahar (1873-1936), suffragist Lucy Wilmot Smith.