On the 230th Anniversary of the First European Constitution (1791)

By Bogdan Horbal, Curator, Slavic and East European Collections
May 3, 2021

Poland has a long parliamentary and constitutional tradition. In 1505, the Polish Parliament (Sejm) adopted a major act, also referred to as the Nihil Novi Constitution. The first words of this act read "Nothing new without the common consent." It granted Poland's Nobility the control of all political matters while paving the way to the dominant position of the Polish parliament. In 1573, upon the election of Henryk Walezy to the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Nobility and the king signed the so-called Artykuły henrykowskie[Henrician Articles], a permanent contract between the two sides. This document, later signed by subsequent kings, described the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Also beginning in 1573, kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth signed Pacta conventa [Articles of Agreement] that contained the king's personal obligations to the people of the Commonwealth, including the pledge to respect the laws. (The NYPL holds Pacta Conventa signed by the king Stanisław I Leszczyński upon his election in 1705.)

The Senate of the Republic of Poland declared 2021 the Year of Polish Constitutional Tradition. It marks the 230th anniversary of what is commonly referred to as "Konstytucja 3 maja," which is the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's Constitution of 3 May 1791. It was only the second constitution in the world (after the American Constitution of 1787). Between the 1791 Consitution and the current Consitution of 1997, Poland and Polish lands controlled by other countries had several constitutions. 

Jan Matejko, The Constitution of 3 May 1791 (1891). Wikipedia. Public Domain.

Below is a select list of both publications which offer the text of major constitutions and works on them available in the collections of ReCAP partners (NYPL, Columbia University, and Princeton University). Works are listed in chronological order of their publication for easy access to the evolving opinions on these legal documents.

1791  (The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

1807 (The Dutchy of Warsaw)

1815 (The Kingdom of Poland)

1921 (The Second Polish Republic)

1935 (The Second Polish Republic)

1952 (The Polish People's Republic)

1992 (The Third Polish Republic)

1997 (The Third Polish Republic)