A Beginner's Guide to LGBTQ+ Manga

By Amanda Pagan, Children's Librarian
June 17, 2019
Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library (SNFL)

Happy LGBTQ+ Pride Month everyone! To celebrate, we're revisiting some of our favorite Japanese manga featuring LGBTQ+ characters and themes!

The history of LGBTQ+ representation in Japanese manga is quite different from the history of LGBTQ+ representation in American graphic novels and comics. For more information on this, check out our post "Power Up For Pride With LGBTQ+ Superheroes!" For more details on LGBTQ+ manga, read on! 

A Brief History of LGBTQ+ Manga

Age of Shojo The Emergence, Evolution, and Power of Japanese Girls' Magazine Fiction book cover

Although homosexuality in Japan was never criminalized to the extent it was in countries such as the USA or the United Kingdom, members of the LGBTQ+ community still face discrimination on a cultural and social level with very limited legal protection. 

However, this has not stopped queer writers and artists from producing queer works of art, nor has it stopped readers from consuming it. Japanese author Yoshiya Nobuko wrote novels about female same-sex love and relationships during the 1920s. Her work was very popular and directly influenced the development of both shōjo and yuri manga in the decades that followed.

Shōjo refers to manga developed specifically for female readers. (For more information, check out our "A Beginner's Guide to Manga"). With its heavy focus on romance and drama, shōjo manga focus more on interpersonal relationships, drama, and emotions. Internal conflicts take precedence over big action, so the struggles faced by queer characters over their own gender and sexual identities fit perfectly into this setup. Moto Hagio's The Heart of Thomas is an excellent example of this as it features lush artwork, lyrical prose, and primarily focuses on the relationships between young male students. 

The Heart of Thomas book cover

Starting in the 1970s, manga featuring same sex or queer relationships began to see mainstream, commercial success within shojo manga. Female manga artists began producing a new type of shōjo manga that featured beautiful artwork, complicated storylines, romances between same-sex couples, characters who challenged their gender or sexual identity, and other narratives that had a powerful and long-lasting influence over many burgeoning manga creators and readers.

Some of the most popular shōjo manga of the era were produced by a group of female manga artists that would later be called the Year 24 Group. Although these mangaka (manga creators) worked on and produced their manga separately, they were referred to as the Year 24 Group because they were all born around the same time period and were thus around the same age (early 20s). These young women revolutionized shōjo manga, and their influence can still be felt to this day.

In 1978, Riyoko Ikeda, a member of the unoffical group, produced one of the first commerically successful manga to feature an explicitly transgendered protagonist, Claudine.  While early LGBTQ+ manga were groundbreaking, they were not without their flaws.  Although these titles featured queer couples, they almost always ended tragically or featured instances of excessive abuse, such as Ikeda’s Claudine and The Heart of Thomas. Modern LGBTQ+ manga have made a significant move away from its tragic roots, but these early works have had a longlasting influence. 

Massive

Meanwhile, queer mangaka have been publishing their works through small presses, underground publishers, and queer manga magazines for decades. Unfortunately, many of these were produced under limited quantities and under small publishers (that frequently folded) therefore a lot of this media is lost or hard to find. Even if you did manage to get a hold of this material, as an international reader unless you speak/read Japanese you might be hard pressed to read it. International publication is expensive, and publishers will typically only translate works that they believe will be commercially successful overseas. For this reason, it is much more common to find an English translation of some of the more mainstream shojo manga from the 1970s that we mentioned earlier than it is to find a gay romance manga from the 1980s. 

Because of the boom in shojo manga in the 1970s, amateur manga artists began producing their own self-published manga, otherwise known as dōjinshi, that often featured their favorite male characters from anime and manga involved in queer relationships. Thanks to comic conventions, dōjinshi artists began to share and sell their artwork amongst other fans and artists. Spurred by this support, many of these dōjinshi artists would then move on to produce their own original series. In fact, narratives featuring romantic love between same-sex couples became so popular they evolved into their own specific, and prolific, genres of manga known as Yaoi (outdated), or "Boy’s Love" (current), and Yuri, or "Girl’s Love," from the 1970s onwards.

LGBTQ+ Manga Terminology

Boys Love Manga and Beyond book cover

The terms yaoi and Boy's Love/BL both refer to manga that follow sexual/romantic relationships between two male characters. However, as a rule, yaoi manga always feature sexually explicit material, while Boy's Love may or may not. Yaoi is largely considered an outdated term and has been primarily replaced with Boy's Love within recent years. These terms are not to be confused with shounen-ai, a genre that focuses on the romantic relationship between boys, which emerged in early shōjo magazines during the 1970s. Although shounen-ai is also an outdated subgenre and term.

The term "Bara" used to refer to gay manga written by and for gay men back in the 80s, but that term has since been deemed outdated and inaccurate. Instead, manga that is specifically written by and for gay men are currently referred to as "geicomi", "gei manga", or "gay comics/manga".
Much like American romance novels, which are often written by women for women, mainstream, widely available yaoi/Boy’s Love  have traditionally been written and designed by female manga artists for female readers. That being said, there have been plenty of queer mangaka who have been publishing their works for years through smaller distributors. Now it is much more common for mainstream, commerically available Boy's Love and yuri manga to be written by and for queer readers of all ages and genders.  

Gengoroh Tagame is a gay mangaka who has been publishing manga for queer magazines for decades. US manga readers are probably most familiar with his series, My Brother's HusbandFor an inside scoop on gay manga and BL check out this transcript from the “Gay Comics Art Japan" panel hosted by the Toronto Comic Arts FestivalTCAF 2015 – Gengoroh Tagame Talks Gay Manga, “Bara,” BL and Scanlation.

Yuri, or Girl’s Love, is an umbrella term referring to any manga that features sexual/romantic love between females. Unlike yaoi, the amount of sexually explicit material in yuri manga varies from story to story, with some narratives focusing solely on romance without any sex. This means that one yuri manga can be an innocent romance while another can feature sexually explicit material. Yet both titles would be put under the yuri genre. 

Often, Boy's Love and yuri manga are categorized as LGBTQ+ manga because they feature same-sex couples; however, most, if not all, modern Boy's Love and yuri manga focus strictly on the romance and sexual escapades of the leads and rarely, if ever, discuss queer issues or identity. Boy's Love and yuri protagonists seldom refer to themselves or their partners as homosexual, or gay, queer, lesbian, bisexual, etc., nor do they typically explore the realities of living life as a queer person. This has been changing over the years with new titles and new trends, but it's still something to keep in mind. 

Terms and categories are frequently changing and altering as both creators, readers, and booksellers try to figure out what the most appropriate terminology for their work is. These "lines" separating Boy's Love/Yuri from LGBTQ+ manga are mutable as mangaka will frequently cross over and work on whatever type of media suites their creative leanings. 

The Problems With BL: A Brief Overview 

Kiss Him Not Me

​Many critics have argued that Boy's Love and yuri manga only fetishize LGBTQ+ persons and relationships, while others argue that is is harmless escapist fun. We'll leave those discussions to the readers.

Junko's hit series, Kiss Him, Not Me, follows an avid female Boy's Love fan, otherwise known as a fujoshi, as she fantasizes about relationships between her male classmates, even as they pursue her romantically. The series is an overexaggerated look into the mind of an overenthusiastic Boy's Love fan. On the other hand, Kaori Tsurutani's BL Metamorphosis presents a much calmer and more accessible exploration of why Boy's Love is so popular. 

Non-consensual sexual contact is a very common problem in older yoai, Boy's Love, and Shounen-ai. Rape, attempted rape, and other forms of non-consensual sexual assault appear frequently, most often between the main love interests. These issues were most prevalent with titles published more than 10-20 years ago, but they still pop up in modern publications from time to time.

Eiki Eiki's Love Stage!! is a prime example of this as it features instances where one of the love interests is both assaulted by his lover and, later,  must be saved from assault by his lover. These instances of sexual assault are often fetishized in older yaoi manga, and this can be extremely problematic as it can normalize violence and assault. More often than not, overly sexualized Boy's Love will feature instances of assault or dubious consent that are played off, not addressed, or taken very seriously. Many recent Boy's Love series have been moving away from these tropes, but we thought it was important to acknowledge this major trope within the genre. There are plenty of Boy's Love romances that do not feature assault, such as 10 Dance by Inouesatoh or Given by Natsuki Kizu.   

True LGBTQ+ manga will discuss/address issues such as assault or living life as a queer person in a realistic/semi-realistic way. Boy's Love/Yuri tend to operate in a non-realistic, alternative setting and very seldom address real life issues. In its defense, sometimes this is exactly what readers are looking for. LGBTQ+ readers are acutely aware of the socio-political landscape that they live in, and sometimes they just want to read a story about a same-sex couple falling in love without the depressing stigma of reality.  

While there have been slow changes in the genre, for the most part, everyone can agree modern Boy's Love and yuri are pure, escapist fantasy. This is something to keep in mind while exploring LGBTQ+ manga.

Where should I start with LGBTQ+ manga?

Wandering Son manga book cover

LGBTQ+ characters are not relegated solely to yaoi and yuri titles. There are plenty of anime and manga with narratives that revolve around, or feature, explicitly queer or queer-coded protagonists. These stories can explore queer identity or issues faced by members of the LGBTQ+ community, or might simply be an escapist fantasy starring queer characters.

Chiho Saito’s Revolutionary Girl Utena features an undoubtedly queer cast in both its manga and anime adaptation, and is one of the most well-known series to star a lesbian lead. Naoko Takeuchi’s Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, one of the most famous manga/anime series of all time, is also known for its portrayal and acceptance of queer characters such as Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune, a canonically out and proud lesbian couple. Takako Shimura’s slice-of-life manga series Wandering Son follows two fifth graders as they discover and come to terms with their own gender identities. 

Despite cultural and social discrimination, the production of manga featuring LGBTQ+ characters has seen a definite rise within the last 10 years or so. Manga like Kabi Nagata’s My Lesbian Experience With Loneliness, Gengoroh Tagame’s My Brother’s Husband, and Chii’s The Bride Was a Boy have gone a long way towards providing a variety of LGBTQ+-themed stories, and normalizing LGBTQ+ relationships and characters. Fumi Yoshinaga's series, What Did You Eat Yesterday?, which follows a gay couple living in modern day Tokyo, was nominated for the first ever Manga Taishō award in 2008 and won the 2019 Kodansha Manga Award. 

With the constant influx of new manga available, we've done our best to put together an ongoing list of titles available within our collection. This list is updated periodically.

For more recommendations, don’t forget to check out #RainbowReading!